ABSTRACT
Objective: Correlation of CD24 expression with histological grading and TNM staging of retinoblastoma
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, BMSI, JPMC and NICH from 1[st] January 2009 to 31[st] December 2013. A total 68 diagnosed cases of retinoblastoma were selected for CD24 immuno staining. The data was analyzed by using SPSS version 22
Results: Out of 68 cases 7.35% showed grade 1 followed by 11.76% in G2, 26.47% in G3 and 54.41% in G4. Majority of cases i.e. 60.29% in stage IV followed by 19.11% in stage I, 10.29% each in stage II and stage III. CD24 immuno staining positivity was seen in majority of grade 3 and grade 4. In grade 3, 38.88% showed moderate and 22.22% strong immuno reaction. Amongst grade 4, 40.54% showed moderate and 13.51% strong positive. Variable immuno pattern was observed according to TNM staging. In stage I, 46.15% showed moderate and 7.69% strong positivity, while in stage II, 57.14% were negative for saining. In stage III, 42.85% were negative while 28.57% each showed moderate and strong staining. Majority of cases in stage IV i.e. 48.78% were negative for staining while 34.14%, 17.07% showed moderate and severe CD24 immuno staining
Conclusion: Majority of grade I retinoblastoma were in TNM stage I and II and mostly were immuno negative. Lymph node and distant metastatic cases were 75% in G4 and 25% in G3, all of them showed moderate to strong immunoreactivity. These results showed that CD24 expression may be a marker of poor prognosis in retinoblastoma. Whereas TNM staging of retinoblastomas with CD24 expression had varying pattern and showed no significant correlation between them
ABSTRACT
Objective: to determine the expression of cyclin D1 and PTEN [phosphatase and tensin homolog] in endometrial hyperplasias and neoplasias
Study Design: Analytical study
Place and Duration of Study: the study was conducted at BMSI, JPMC, Karachi, from January 2008 to December 2012
Methodology: analysis of endometrial samples, comprising of hysterectomies and curettage, was carried out. Immunohistochemical staining was done for PTEN and cyclin D1 expression
Results: fifty-three endometrial samples including 23 endometrial carcinomas, 6 complex hyperplasias with atypia, 14 complex hyperplasias without atypia, 6 simple hyperplasias without atypia and 4 normal proliferative endometrium were analyzed. Fifty-two percent [12 out of 23] and 48% [11 out of 23] cases of endometrial carcinomas showed complete loss of PTEN expression and cyclin D1 over expression, respectively. Five [5 out of 6] cases of complex hyperplasias with atypia and 64.28% [9 out of 14] cases of complex hyperplasia without atypia showed complete loss of or diminished expression of PTEN whereas 66.66% [4 out of 6] cases of endometrial hyperplasia with atypia and 50% [7 out of 14] cases of endometrial hyperplasia without atypia showed cyclin D1 overexpression [p < 0.001]
Conclusion: loss of PTEN, expression and cyclin D1 overexpression was seen in a significant number of well differentiated endometrial adenocarcinomas and complex hyperplasias with atypia, suggesting both as an early event in endometrial carcinogenesis
ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the frequency, age, gender and laterality related distribution of retinoblastoma. Study design: Cross sectional study
Place and Duration of study: This study was conducted at the Department of pathology BMSI, JPMC Karachi from 1[st]Jan 2009 to 31[st]Dec2013
Materials and Methods: A total of 80 cases of retinoblastoma were received in the department of Pathology, BMSI, JPMC, Karachi during the period of 1[st]January 2009 to 31[st] December 2013. The cases were reviewed and morphological diagnosis done on H and E. Information regarding laterality of lesion, age and sex were recorded from archives. The data analyzed by using SPSS version22
Results: Frequency of retinoblastoma was 2.93%. Right sided lesions were 46.25% and 45% were Left sided, with a M: F ratio of 1:1. The mean age of retinoblastoma patients was 3.64 years. It was relatively more common in 3 to 4 years [53.75%] of age group compared to other age groups
Conclusion: Frequency of retinoblastoma was 2.93%, with almost equal i-e 46.25% Right, 45% Left sided origins. The M: F ratio was 1:1 while more common age group was 3 to 4 years
ABSTRACT
To determine the morphological variants of Renal Cell Carcinoma [RCC] to detect the commonest histopathological type with special focus to the newly introduced entity Clear Cell Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma [CCPRCC]. Case series. Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, JPMC, Karachi, from January 2007 to December 2012. Paraffin embedded blocks of 32 cases of radical nephrectomy specimens for renal mass were selected from records of Pathology Department, BMSI. Cases were excluded due to inadequate biopsies. Remaining 30 cases of renal cell carcinoma were included in study. H and E staining was done for all cases and PAS stain was employed for a few cases. All cases were reviewed under light microscope. The 30 cases of renal cell carcinoma included 21 [70%] clear cell renal cell carcinoma, 03 [10%] clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma, 02 [6.6%] papillary renal cell carcinoma and 04 [13.33%] hybrid tumors. Majority of cases [53.3%] found in age range between 40 - 60 years while 23.33% cases were found in 7th and 6.6% in 8th decade of life. While 16.66% cases were in younger age group that is between 31 - 40 years of age. Sixty percent cases of right radical nephrectomies and 40% cases of left radical nephrectomies. CCRCC was most common histopathologic type followed by CCPRCC, hybrid tumors and PRCC
ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the frequency of liver diseases and evaluate the expression of COX-2 in non-neoplastic and neoplastic liver lesions
Methodology: This cross sectional study is based on the analysis of liver biopsies received at department of pathology, BMSI, JPMC from 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2012. Approximately 71 cases of formalin fixed liver tissue biopsies were selected and analyzed for morphological features, grading and results of immunohistochemical staining for COX-2. The data feeding and analysis were on computer package SPSS [Statistical Packages of Social Sciences] version 16.0. In all statistical analysis only p-value <0.05 was considered Significant
Results: The most commonly encountered liver disease, out of the total 288 cases ,was chronic liver disease [CLD] including 255 cases [88.54%] out of these 12[4.17%] showed full- fledged cirrhotic nodule. Mean age was 33 yrs. for chronic liver disease. Male female ratio was 1.6:1 for CLD while for hepatocellular carcinoma and bile duct carcinoma M/F ratio was 2.8:1. The etiological distribution of 255 cases of CLD cases revealing that hepatitis C is the most common cause of chronic hepatitis accounting for 70% of cases. On immunostaining using COX-2 antibody for CLD with mild inflammatory grade cases, only 14.2% showed strong staining and all the 19 HCC and bile duct carcinoma 78.94% displayed strong positivity
Conclusion: There is progressive increase in staining expression of COX-2 in non-neoplastic and neoplastic liver lesions. An early inhibition of COX-2 via selective COX-2 inhibitors may prevent further exacerbation of disease
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To observe the differential expression of p63 in hydropic and molar gestation. Cross-sectional analytical study. Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Jinnah Postgraduate and Medical Centre, Karachi, from January 2006 to June 2013. Ninety placental biopsies including 30 cases each of hydropic abortions, partial hydatidiform mole and complete hydatidiform mole were analyzed for morphological features and results of immunohistochemical staining. Results were described as frequency. Significance was determined using test of proportions with significance at p < 0.05. Out of 30 cases of hydropic abortion, 6 were negative, 15 were weak, 4 were moderate and 5 showed strong degree of intensity for p63. Out of 30 cases of partial hydatidiform mole, 3 were negative, 2 showed weak, 4 showed moderate and 21 cases showed strong degree of intensity for p63. All 30 cases of complete hydatidiform mole strongly stained for p63. The intensity of staining of p63 was stronger in cases of molar pregnancy as compared to hydropic abortion. There was loss of p63 expression in cytotrophoblastic cells in all abortions. In limited resources settings, where facilities for PCR/FISH and DNA ploidy analysis is not available, the authors advocate p63 in routine clinical practice to provide the most refined diagnosis of hydatidiform moles
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Cross-Sectional Studies , Pregnancy , Uterine Neoplasms , Membrane Proteins , Trophoblastic Neoplasms , Hydatidiform Mole/pathology , Gene ExpressionABSTRACT
To evaluate the expression of Von Hippel Lindau [VHL] gene in diagnosed cases of renal cell carcinoma. This cross sectional study was conducted in department of Pathology, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, JPMC, Karachi, from January 2007 to December 2012. Paraffin embedded blocks of 30 cases of radical nephrectomy specimens diagnosed as renal cell carcinoma including CCRCC 21 [70%] CCPRCC, 3 [10%], PRCC 2 [6.79%], hybrid tumor 4 [13.3%], chromophobe tumor [0%] processed for VHL gene expression on Polymerase Chain Reaction. All the 30 cases previously diagnosed as renal cell carcinoma were processed on PCR, VHL gene mutations were seen in 20 [95.23%] of CCRCC while a single case was negative for VHL mutations. All CCPRCC were negative for VHL mutation. Among the hybrid tumor 03 cases with foci of clear cells show VHL mutation while a single case showing combination of clear cells and chromophobe cells was negative for mutation. Both the cases of PRCC were positive for mutation. Exon 3 mutation at base pair 194 seen in 8 [32%] cases and Exon 2 mutation at base pair 150-159 seen in 17 [68%] cases. None of the cases showed Exon 1 mutation. The present study shows that majority of CCRCC showed VHL mutation including the hybrid tumor with clear cell component in our population
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The aim of the study was to evaluate the status of cyclin A2 in HPV associated cervical cancer. We analyzed the influence of HPV type 16 on the expression of cell cycle regulatory protein Cyclin A2 and p53 in various grades of cervical dysplasias and infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma. The study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, BMSI, JPMC, Karachi. A total of 50 formalin fixed paraffin embedded blocks were used, which included 18 cases of squamous cell carcinoma and 32 cases of various grades of cervical dysplasias. The blocks were analyzed for the presence of HPV type 16, indirectly by Cyclin A2. Polymerase Chain Reaction was performed on 15 Cyclin A2 positive cases for verification of HPV type 16. Cyclin A2 positivity was detected in all 18 cases of squamous cell carcinoma and 21 cases of various grades of cervical dysplasias. 15 cases positive for Cyclin A2 were analyzed for HPV type 16 by PCR. HPV type 16 was identified in 13 cases out of 15. HPV type 16 identification in majority of the cases showing positivity for Cyclin A2, which could be used as potential indicator for early diagnosis of cervical dysplasias and invasive squamous cell carcinoma
ABSTRACT
[1] To see the morphological patterns of non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions of salivary glands. [2] To see the frequency of adenoid cystic carcinoma in salivary gland and extra salivary sites. Retrospective and prospective study. This study was conducted at pathology department, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, JPMC Karachi during 2005 to 2008 i.e. over 4 years. Data collection of all the cases of salivary gland lesions including the cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma at extra salivary sites over a 4-years period gland [2005-2008]. Heamotoxylin and eoxin [H and E] stained sections were studied in all cases. Special stains performed in selected cases included PAS, Reticulin and Trichrome. Total of 43 cases were retrieved and evaluated. Out of 43 cases only 2 cases [4.6%] were non-neoplastic i.e acute and chronic sialadenitis. Among the neoplastic lesions, most common benign tumour was pleomorphic adenoma counting 32 cases [74.4%] and one case [2.3%] of monomorphic adenoma. In the malignant tumours there were 3 cases [74.4%] and one case [2.3%] of monomorphic adenoma. In the malignant tumours there were 3 cases [6.9%] of adenoid cystic carcinoma, 3 cases [6.9%] of muco-epidermoid carcinoma and 1 case [2.3%] each of squamous cell carcinoma and acinic cell carcinoma. Total cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma were 6 [14.6%]. 3 of them originated from the salivary glands and 3 were seen at extra salivary sites including one case each in lacrimal gland, vagina and nasal cavity. Benign tumours comprise 76.7% of all salivary gland lesions. Adenoid cystic carcinoma was the most common malignant tumour, also found at extra salivary sites; therefore it should not be overlooked at extra salivary sites
ABSTRACT
To determine the morphologic patterns and frequency of spinal lesions received in the pathology department of BMSI, JPMC over a 5 year period. All spinal lesions received over a period of 5 years, i.e. from 1[st] January 2004 to 31[st] December 2008 were reviewed. All specimens were formalin fixed, routinely processed for paraffin embedding, sectioned and finally stained with hematoxylin and eosin using standard procedures. When required, special stains were performed. During the study period 123 cases were received out of which 101[82.11%] were non neoplastic and 22[17.88%] were neoplastic lesions. The 22 neoplastic lesions included 6 Schwannomas, 4 Meningiomas and 5 Hemangiomatous lesions. The remaining 13 cases included 2 cases of mature teratoma and 1 case each of Plasmacytoma, Neurofibroma, Paraganglioma, Ganglioneuroma and Oligodendroglioma. Out of the 101 non neoplastic lesions 42 were granulomatous inflammations while 59 were non granulommatous lesions. The bulk of the lesions were formed by degenerative diseases and tuberculosis. Schwannomas and meningiomas were the most frequently occurring neoplastic lesions